Iindaba-Yintoni i-Low Voltage yangoku iTransformer kwaye isebenza njani?

Umguquli ophantsi wamandla ombane wangoku

Isixhobo sokuguqula isixhobo esaziwa ngokuba yi-ai-voltage ephantsi ye-transformer yangoku(CT) yenzelwe ukulinganisa i-high alternating current (AC) ngaphakathi kwesekethe. Esi sixhobo sisebenza ngokuvelisa ulungelelwaniso kunye nokhuseleko lwangoku kwi-winding yayo yesibini. Izixhobo ezisemgangathweni zinokulinganisa ngokulula oku kuncitshisiwe okwangoku. Umsebenzi ophambili we ai-transformer yangokukukwehla imisinga ephezulu, eyingozi. Iwaguqula abe ngamanqanaba akhuselekileyo, alawulekayo alungele ukubeka iliso, ukulinganisa, kunye nokukhusela inkqubo.

Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha

Umbane ophantsii-transformer yangoku(CT) ilinganisa umbane ophezulu ngokukhuselekileyo. Itshintsha umsinga omkhulu, onobungozi ube yincinci, ekhuselekileyo.
Ii-CTs zisebenza ngokusebenzisa iimbono ezimbini eziphambili: imagnethi zenza umbane kunye nesibalo socingo olulodwa. Oku kubanceda balinganise umbane ngokuchanekileyo.
Naziiintlobo ezahlukeneyo ze-CTs, njengenxeba, i-toroidal, kunye neentlobo zebha. Uhlobo ngalunye luhambelana neemfuno ezahlukeneyo zokulinganisa umbane.
Ungaze uqhawule iingcingo zesibini ze-CT xa umbane uhamba. Oku kunokudala amandla ombane aphezulu kakhulu, anobungozi kwaye kubangele ingozi.
Ukukhetha i-CT efanelekileyo kubalulekile kwimilinganiselo echanekileyo kunye nokhuseleko. I-CT engalunganga inokubangela amatyala angalunganga okanye umonakalo wesixhobo.

Isebenza Njani Isiguquli Sangoku esineVoteji esezantsi?

Ai-voltage ephantsi ye-transformer yangokuisebenza kwimigaqo emibini esisiseko yefiziksi. Eyokuqala yi-electromagnetic induction, eyenza ikhoyo ngoku. Okwesibini ngumlinganiselo wokujika, omisela ubungakanani balo msinga. Ukuqonda ezi ngcamango kubonisa ukuba i-CT inokulinganisa ngokukhuselekileyo nangokuchanekileyo imisinga ephezulu.

Umgaqo wokungeniswa kwe-Electromagnetic

Embindini wayo, i-low voltage current transformer isebenza ngokusekwe kwiUmthetho kaFaraday we-Electromagnetic Induction. Lo mthetho uchaza indlela umbane oguqukayo onokwenza ngayo umbane kumqhubi osondeleyo. Inkqubo ityhila ngolandelelwano oluthile:

Umsinga otshintshanayo (AC) uhamba kwi-conductor yokuqala okanye ukujija. Le sekethi ephambili ithwala i-current high kufuneka ilinganiswe.
Iukuhamba kwe-AC kuvelisa indawo ehlala iguquguquka yamagneticujikeleze umqhubi. Aundoqo weferromagneticngaphakathi kwezikhokelo ze-CT kwaye igxininise le ntsimi yamagnetic.
Lo mmandla wemagnethi wahlukeneyo udala utshintsho kwi-magnetic flux, edlula kwi-winding yesibini.
NgokoMthetho kaFaraday, olu tshintsho kwi-magnetic flux lubangela i-voltage (i-electromotive force) kwaye, ngenxa yoko, i-current in the second winding.

Phawula:Le nkqubo isebenza kuphela nge-alternating current (AC). Umbane othe ngqo (DC) uvelisa umbane ongatshintshiyo, ongaguqukiyo. Ngaphandle kwe-autshintshokwi-flux magnetic, akukho induction eyenzekayo, kwaye i-transformer ayiyi kuvelisa okwangoku okwesibini.

Indima yeReyishini yokujika

Umlinganiselo wokujika uyisitshixo sendlela i-CT inyathela ngayo isantya esiphezulu ukuya kwinqanaba elilawulekayo. Lo mlinganiselo uthelekisa inani lokujika kocingo kwi-primary winding (Np) ukuya kwinani lokujika kokujika kwesibini (Ns). Kwi-CT, ukujika kwesibini kunojiko oluninzi kunokokuqala.

Iyangoku kwi-windings ihambelana ngokungafaniyo nomlinganiselo wokujika. Oku kuthetha ukuba ainani eliphezulu lokujika kumoya wesibini likhokelela kumsinga wesibini osezantsi ngokomlinganiselo. Olu lwalamano lulandela ii-amp-turn equation esisiseko kwiziguquli.

Ifomula yemathematika kobu budlelwane yile:

Ap / Njengoko = Ns / Np

Apho:

Ap= Primary yangoku

As= Okwangoku okwesibini

Np= Inani leePrayimari zokuJika

Ns= Inani leeSekondari zokuJika

Ngokomzekelo, i-CT enomlinganiselo we-200: 5A ine-turn ratio ye-40: 1 (i-200 yahlulwe ngo-5). Olu luyilo luvelisa isibini sangoku esiyi-1/40 ye-primary current. Ukuba i-primary current i-200 amps, i-current second current iya kuba yi-5 amps ekhuselekileyo.

Lo mlinganiso nawo uchaphazela ukuchaneka kwe-CT kunye nokukwazi kwayo ukuphatha umthwalo, owaziwa ngokuba "ngumthwalo."Umthwalo yi-impedance epheleleyo (ukumelana)yezixhobo zokulinganisa iimitha eziqhagamshelwe kumoya wesibini. I-CT kufuneka ikwazi ukuxhasa lo mthwalo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ukuchaneka kwayo okucacisiweyo.Njengoko itheyibhile engezantsi ibonisa, ireyishini ezahlukeneyo zinokuba neereyithingi zokuchaneka okwahlukileyo.

Imilinganiselo ekhoyo	Ukuchaneka @ B0.1 / 60Hz (%)
100:5A	1.2
200:5A	0.3

Le datha ibonisa ukuba ukukhetha i-CT kunye nomlinganiselo ochanekileyo wokujika kubalulekile ukufezekisa ukuchaneka komlinganiselo ofunekayo kwisicelo esithile.

Amacandelo angundoqo kunye neentlobo eziphambili

Yonke i-Low Voltage Current Transformer yabelana ngesakhiwo esiqhelekileyo sangaphakathi, kodwa uyilo olwahlukileyo lukhona kwiimfuno ezithile. Ukuqonda amacandelo angundoqo linyathelo lokuqala. Ukusuka apho, sinokuphonononga iintlobo eziphambili kunye neempawu zabo ezizodwa. I-Low Voltage Current Transformer yakhiwe ukusukaiindawo ezintathu ezibalulekileyoezisebenza kunye.

I-Core, i-Windings, kunye ne-Insulation

Ukusebenza kweCT kuxhomekeke kumacandelo amathathu aphambili asebenza ngokuhambelana. Inxalenye nganye idlala indima ekhethekileyo nebalulekileyo ekusebenzeni kwe-transformer.

Undoqo:I-silicon yentsimbi engundoqo yenza indlela yamagnetic. Igxininisa intsimi yamagnetic eveliswa ngumbane oyintloko, iqinisekisa ukuba idibanisa ngokufanelekileyo kunye nokujika kwesibini.
Umoya:I-CT ineesethi ezimbini zee-windings. Ukujija okuphambili kuthwala umsinga ophakamileyo oza kulinganiswa, ngelixa ukujija okwesibini kuneendlela ezininzi zokujika zocingo ukuvelisa ukuhla, umsinga okhuselekileyo.
Ukhuselo:Esi sixhobo sihlukanisa i-windings ukusuka kwi-core kunye nomnye komnye. Ikhusela iifutshane zombane kwaye iqinisekisa ukhuseleko kunye nexesha elide lesixhobo.

Uhlobo Lwenxeba

Inxeba lohlobo lwe-CT lubandakanya ukujija okuphambili okubandakanya enye okanye ngaphezulu kokujika okufakwe ngokusisigxina kwi-core. Olu luyilo luzimele. I-high-current circuit idibanisa ngokuthe ngqo kwii-terminals ze-primary winding. Iinjineli zisebenzisa inxeba-uhlobo CTsukulinganisa okuchanekileyo kunye nokukhusela iinkqubo zombane. Zihlala zikhethwaizicelo eziphezulu ze-voltage apho ukuchaneka kunye nokuthembeka kubaluleke kakhulu.

I-Toroidal (Ifestile) Uhlobo

Uhlobo lwe-toroidal okanye "window" luyilo oluqhelekileyo. Ibonisa isiseko esimilise okwe-donut kunye ne-winding yesibini ejikelezileyo. Umqhubi oyintloko akayonxalenye yeCT ngokwayo. Endaweni yoko, intambo yangoku ephezulu okanye ibha yebhasi idlula kwindawo yokuvula iziko, okanye "ifestile," isebenza njengendawo yokujika enye.

Izinto ezilungileyo ezingundoqo zeToroidal CTs:Olu luyilo lubonelela ngeenzuzo ezininzi ngaphezulu kwezinye iintlobo, kubandakanya:

Ukusebenza okuphezulu, rhoqo phakathi95% kunye 99%.

Ukwakhiwa okuhlangeneyo kunye nokukhaphukhaphu.

Uphazamiseko lwe-electromagnetic olucuthiweyo (EMI) kumalungu akufutshane.

Ukuntyiloza okuphantsi kakhulu koomatshini, okukhokelela ekusebenzeni okuthe cwaka.

Ibha-Udidi

I-bar-type yangoku i-transformer yidizayini ethile apho ukuvuthwa okuphambili kuyingxenye ebalulekileyo yesixhobo ngokwaso. Olu hlobo lubandakanya ibha, ngokuqhelekileyo eyenziwe ngobhedu okanye i-aluminium, edlula embindini we-core. Le bar isebenza njengeumqhubi wokuqala wokujika omnye. Indibano yonke igcinwe ngaphakathi kwecasing eyomeleleyo, egqunyiweyo, iyenza ibe yiyunithi eyomeleleyo kwaye izimele.

Ukwakhiwa kwe-bar-type CT igxile ekuthembekeni nasekukhuseleni, ngokukodwa kwiinkqubo zokuhambisa amandla. Izinto zayo eziphambili ziquka:

IKondi ephambili:Isixhobo sinebhari egqunywe ngokupheleleyo esebenza njengowona majiko-jiko. Oku kugquma, ngokuqhelekileyo ukubunjwa kwe-resin okanye ityhubhu yephepha ebhakiweyo, ikhusela kumbane ophezulu.
Umoya wesibini:Ukujija okwesibini kunye neenguqu ezininzi zocingo zijikelezwe kwintsimbi yentsimbi elaminated. Olu yilo lunciphisa ilahleko yamagnetic kwaye luqinisekisa utshintsho oluchanekileyo lwangoku.
Undoqo:Undoqo ukhokela intsimi yamagnetic ukusuka kwibha yokuqala ukuya kwi-winding yesibini, eyenza inkqubo yokungeniswa.

I-Advanteji yokuFakela:Inzuzo enkulu yohlobo lwebhari ye-Low Voltage Current Transformer kukufakwa kwayo okuthe ngqo. Yenzelwe ukunyuswa ngokuthe ngqo kwiibhasi zebhasi, eyenza kube lula ukuseta kwaye icuthe iimpazamo ezinokuthi zibekho. Ezinye iimodeli zide zibe ne-aUkwahlula-ngundoqo okanye uqwalaselo olubambekayo. Oku kuvumela amagcisa ukuba afake i-CT kwindawo yebhasi esele ikhona ngaphandle kokuqhawula umbane, oko kuyenza ilungele ukubuyisela iiprojekthi.

Uyilo lwabo olubambeneyo kunye noluhlala luhleli lubenza bafaneleke ngokugqibeleleyo iindawo ezisingqongileyo nezifunayo ezifumaneka ngaphakathi kwesixhobo sokutshintsha kunye neepaneli zokuhambisa amandla.

Isilumkiso soKhuseleko esiBalulekileyo: Ungaze uvule-iSekethe yesiSekondari

Umgaqo osisiseko ulawula ukuphathwa ngokukhuselekileyo kwayo nayiphi na i-transformer yangoku. Amagcisa kunye neenjineli akufuneki bavumele ukujika-jika kwesibini ukuba kuvuleleke-jikelezwe ngelixa ngoku kuqukuqela kumqhubi wokuqala. Ii-terminals eziziisekondari kufuneka zihlale ziqhagamshelwe kumthwalo (umthwalo wayo) okanye zibe zifutshane. Ukungawuthobeli lo mthetho kudala imeko eyingozi kakhulu.

UMthetho weGolide weeCTs:Ngalo lonke ixesha qinisekisa ukuba isekethe yesibini ivaliwe phambi kokunika amandla eprayimari. Ukuba kufuneka ukhuphe imitha okanye ireyilayi kwisekethi esebenzayo, khawuleza uthintele iitheminali ezisesekondari zeCT kuqala.

Ukuqonda i-physics emva kwesi silumkiso kutyhila ubunzulu bengozi. Kumsebenzi oqhelekileyo, umsinga wesibini wenza intsimi ye-counter-magnetic echasene ne-primary magnetic field. Le nkcaso igcina i-magnetic flux kwi-core kwinqanaba eliphantsi, elikhuselekileyo.

Xa umqhubi eqhawula isibini kumthwalo wayo, isiphaluka siyavuleka. Ujiko lwesibini ngoku luzama ukuqhuba umsinga walo kwinto esebenzayoimpedance engapheliyo, okanye ukuxhathisa. Esi senzo sibangela ukuba umhlaba wemagnethi ochasayo uwe. I-flux yemagnethi yangoku ayisacinywa, kwaye ikhula ngokukhawuleza kumbindi, iqhube undoqo kwi-saturation enzima.

Le nkqubo idala amandla ombane aphezulu ngokuyingozi kumajiko esibini. Isenzeko sityhileka ngamanyathelo awohlukileyo ngexesha lomjikelo we-AC ngamnye:

Umsinga ophambili ongachaswanga wenza i-flux enkulu yamagnetic kwi-core, ibangela ukuba ihluthe.
Njengoko i-AC yeprayimari yangoku idlula kwi-zero kabini kumjikelo ngamnye, i-flux magnetic kufuneka itshintshe ngokukhawuleza ukusuka kwi-saturation kwicala elinye ukuya kwi-saturation kwelinye icala.
Olu tshintsho lukhawulezayo ngokumangalisayo kumbane wemagnethi lubangela i-voltage ephezulu kakhulu kwi-winding yesibini.

Lo mbane wenziwayo awungombane uphezulu ozinzileyo; luluhlu lweencopho ezibukhali okanye iicrests. Ezi spikes zombane zinokufikelela ngokululaamawakawaka eevolthi. Ukubanakho okuphezulu ngolo hlobo kubonisa imingcipheko emininzi enzima.

Ingozi eyothusayo kakhulu:Ukudibana ngqo neetheminali zesibini kunokubangela ukothuka kombane okubulalayo.
Ukwahlulwa kweInsulation:I-voltage ephezulu inokutshabalalisa i-insulation ngaphakathi kwe-transformer yangoku, ekhokelela ekungaphumeleli okusisigxina.
Ukonakala Kwesixhobo:Nasiphi na isixhobo sokubeka iliso esiqhagamshelweyo esingenzelwanga amandla ombane aphezulu ngolo hlobo siya konakaliswa ngoko nangoko.
I-Arcing kunye noMlilo:I-voltage inokubangela ukuba i-arc yenze phakathi kwee-terminals zesibini, ibeka umlilo omkhulu kunye nomngcipheko wokuqhuma.

Ukuthintela ezi ngozi, abasebenzi kufuneka balandele iinkqubo ezingqongqo zokhuseleko xa besebenza ne-Low Voltage Current Transformer.

Iinkqubo zokuphatha ngokuKhuselekileyo:

Qinisekisa ukuba iSekethi ivaliwe:Ngaphambi kokunika amandla isekethe ephambili, soloko uqinisekisa ukuba i-CT yesibini yokujija idityaniswe kumthwalo wayo (iimitha, iireyilayi) okanye ikhuselekile ngokufutshane.

Sebenzisa iibhloko ezimfutshane:Ufakelo oluninzi lubandakanya iibhloko zetheminali ezinezitshixo ezimfutshane ezakhelwe ngaphakathi. Ezi zixhobo zibonelela ngendlela ekhuselekileyo nethembekileyo yokufutshane kwisibini ngaphambi kokukhonza naziphi na izixhobo ezixhunyiwe.

Mfutshane Phambi Kokuqhawula:Ukuba kufuneka ususe isixhobo kwisekethe ene-energized, sebenzisa i-jumper wire ukwenza mfutshane i-CT's secondary terminals.ngaphambiliukuqhawula isixhobo.

Susa uMfutshane Emva kokuQhagamshelana kwakhona:Susa kuphela i-short jumperemvaisixhobo sidityaniswe ngokupheleleyo kwisekethe yesibini.

Ukubambelela kule migaqo yomthetho ayikhethi. Kubalulekile ukukhusela abasebenzi, ukuthintela umonakalo wezixhobo, kunye nokuqinisekisa ukhuseleko olupheleleyo lwenkqubo yombane.

Iinkqubo zokuSebenza kunye noKhetho

Iziguquli zamandla ombane aphantsi zizinto ezibalulekileyo kwiinkqubo zanamhlanje zombane. Izicelo zabo zisuka esweni olulula ukuya ekukhuselweni kwenkqubo ebalulekileyo. Ukukhetha i-CT echanekileyo kumsebenzi othile kubalulekile ekuqinisekiseni ukuchaneka, ukhuseleko kunye nokuthembeka.

Izicelo eziqhelekileyo kwiiSetingi zoRhwebo kunye nezoShishino

Iinjineli zisebenzisa ii-CTs ngokubanzi kwiindawo zorhwebo kunye nezoshishino zokubeka iliso kunye nokulawula amandla. Kwizakhiwo zorhwebo, iinkqubo zokubeka iliso zamandla zithembele kwi-CTs ukulinganisa ama-currents alternating aphezulu ngokukhuselekileyo. Umsinga ophakamileyo uhamba nge-conductor ephambili, udala indawo yamagnetic. Le ntsimi ibangela ukuba kuncinci kakhulu, ukulinganisa okwangoku kwinqanaba lesibini, apho imitha inokufunda ngokulula. Le nkqubo yenza ukuba abaphathi bamaziko balandelele ukusetyenziswa kwamandla ngokuchanekileyo kwizicelo ezinjei-kWh yorhwebo yokulinganisa inethiwekhi kwi-120V okanye i-240V.

Kutheni Ukukhetha imiba yeCT eLungileyo

Ukukhetha i-CT efanelekileyo kuchaphazela ngokuthe ngqo ukuchaneka kwemali kunye nokhuseleko lokusebenza. I-CT enobungakanani obungachanekanga okanye elinganisiwe inika iingxaki ezibalulekileyo.

⚠️Ukuchaneka kuchaphazela ukuhlawula:I-CT inoluhlu olufanelekileyo lokusebenza. Ukuyisebenzisa kwiimithwalo ephantsi kakhulu okanye ephezulu yonyusa impazamo yomlinganiselo. Animpazamo echanekileyo ye-0.5%iya kubangela ukuba ukubalwa kwamatyala kucinywe ngesixa esifanayo. Ngaphezu koko, ukutshintshwa kwe-angle yesigaba ekwaziswe yi-CT kunokuphazamisa ukufundwa kwamandla, ngakumbi kwizinto zamandla aphantsi, okukhokelela ekungachanekeni kwe-billing.

Ukukhetha okungafanelekanga kwakhona kuphazamisa ukhuseleko. Ngexesha lempazamo, aI-CT inokungena kwi-saturation, igqwetha isignali yayo yokuphuma. Oku kunokubangela ukuba iireyidi ezikhuselayo zingasebenzi ngeendlela ezimbini eziyingozi:

Ukusilela ekusebenzeni:I-relay isenokungayiboni impazamo yokwenyani, ivumela ingxaki ukuba inyuke kwaye yonakalise izixhobo.
Ukuhamba ngobuxoki:I-relay inokutolika ngendlela engeyiyo umqondiso kwaye ibangele ukuphuma kombane ngokungeyomfuneko.

IiReyithingi kunye neMigangatho

Yonke i-Low Voltage Current Transformer inemilinganiselo ethile echaza ukusebenza kwayo. Amanqaku aphambili abandakanya umlinganiselo wokujika, iklasi yokuchaneka, kunye nomthwalo. Umthwalo ngumthwalo opheleleyo (i-impedance) exhunywe kwisibini, kubandakanywa iimitha, i-relays, kunye nocingo ngokwalo. I-CT kufuneka ikwazi ukunika amandla lo mthwalo ngaphandle kokulahlekelwa ngokuchanekileyo.

Iireyithingi ezisemgangathweni ziyahluka kwi-metering kunye nokhuseleko (i-relaying) izicelo, njengoko kubonisiwe ngezantsi.

Uhlobo lwe-CT	Inkcazo eqhelekileyo	Iyunithi yomthwalo	Ukubalwa komthwalo kwi-Ohms (5A Sekondari)
Ulinganiso lwe-CT	0.2 B 0.5	Ohms	0.5 ohm
Ukuhanjiswa kwe-CT	10 C 400	Iivolthi	4.0 ohms

Umthwalo we-CT yokulinganisa ulinganiswe kwi-ohms, ngelixa umthwalo we-CT wokubuyisela uchazwa ngumbane onokuwuhambisa ngamaxesha angama-20 ngoku. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba i-CT yokubuyisela inokwenza ngokuchanekileyo phantsi kweemeko eziphosakeleyo.

I-voltage ephantsi yoguqulo lwangoku sisixhobo esibalulekileyo solawulo lwesixokelelwano samandla. Ilinganisa ngokukhuselekileyo imisinga ephezulu etshintshanayo ngokuyithoba ukuya kwixabiso elilinganayo, eliphantsi. Ukusebenza kwesixhobo kuxhomekeke kwimigaqo yokungeniswa kwe-electromagnetic kunye nomlinganiselo ojikajikayo.

Izinto eziphambili zokuThatha:

Owona mthetho ubalulekileyo wokhuseleko kukuba ungaze uvule isekethe yesibini ngelixa eyona iphambili inamandla, njengoko oku kudala ingozi ephezulu yombane.

Ukhetho olufanelekileyo olusekelwe kwisicelo, ukuchaneka, kunye nokulinganisa kubalulekile kukhuseleko lwenkqubo jikelele kunye nokusebenza.

FAQ

Ngaba i-CT ingasetyenziswa kwisekethe ye-DC?

Hayi, ai-transformer yangokuayikwazi ukusebenza kumsinga othe ngqo (DC). I-CT idinga indawo yamagnetic eguqukayo eveliswa yi-alternating current (AC) ukukhuthaza i-current in the second winding. Isekethe ye-DC ivelisa intsimi yamagnetic engaguqukiyo, ethintela ukungeniswa.

Kwenzeka ntoni ukuba umlinganiselo weCT ongalunganga usetyenziswa?

Ukusebenzisa i-CT ratio engalunganga kukhokelela kwiimpazamo ezibalulekileyo zokulinganisa kunye nemiba enokubakho yokhuseleko.

Ukuhlawula okungachanekanga:Ukufundwa kokusetyenziswa kwamandla kuya kuba kuchanekile.
Ukusilela koKhuseleko:Iireyidi ezikhuselayo zisenokungasebenzi ngokuchanekileyo ngexesha lempazamo, oko kuyingozi kumonakalo wesixhobo.

Uthini umahluko phakathi komlinganiso wokulinganisa kunye ne-CT ehambisa intambo?

I-CT yokulinganisa inika ukuchaneka okuphezulu phantsi kwemithwalo yangoku eqhelekileyo ngeenjongo zokuhlawula. I-CT yokubuyisela i-relaying yenzelwe ukuba ihlale ichanekile ngexesha leemeko zempazamo eziphezulu. Oku kuqinisekisa ukuba izixhobo ezikhuselayo zifumana umqondiso othembekileyo wokuhamba kwisiphaluka kunye nokuthintela umonakalo obanzi.

Kutheni isekethi yesibini imfutshane ngenxa yokhuseleko?

Ukunciphisa isibini kunika indlela ekhuselekileyo, epheleleyo yombane owenziweyo. Isekethe yesibini evulekileyo ayinayo indawo yokuya okwangoku. Le meko ibangela ukuba i-CT ivelise amandla ombane aphezulu kakhulu, ayingozi anokubangela ukothuka okubulalayo kunyetshabalalisa i-transformer.

Ixesha lokuposa: Nov-05-2025

Yintoni iGuquguquli yangoku yaMandla aphantsi kwaye isebenza njani?